Mawu oyamba

Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala (The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), mu chingerezi) umazindikira kuti kusasiyana komanso ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva, zimadalira mpata omwe anthuwa amakhala nawo mwamsanga ogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja. Umenewu ndi ufulu wawo pa maphunziro a chiyankhulochi adakali achichepere, kuti alandire maphunziro kudzera mu chiyankhulo cha manjachi, kuti apeze mathandizo osiyanasiyana operekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulochi, ndi kutanthauzira kwa zolankhulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulochi, komanso kukhala nawo mokwanira mugawola zochitika malo omwe iwo akukhala.

Angakhale m’masiku ano, anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva padziko lonse, ndi ku Malawi kuno komwe, amakumana ndi mavuto osalidwa pa kuyankhula komanso amakumana ndi zotchinga zambiri zokhudza kapezedwe kawo ka maphunziro, mathandizo osiyanasiyana, ndi ntchito, chifukwa cha kaganizidwe kolakwika kokhudza chiyankhulochi, kuyang’aniridwa pansi kwa chiyankhulochi, komanso kuchepa kwa mauthenga okhudza icho.

Kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1960, pakhala pakuchitika kafukufuku wambiri pa nkhani yokhudza chiyankhulo cha manja yemwe akuonetsa umboni woti ziyankhulozi ziri ndi zinthu zofanana ndi zomwe zimapezeka mu ziyankhulo zachilengedwe padziko lonse (Onani Johnston & Schembri 2007:21); izi zimatsimikiza kuti chiyankhulo cha manja ndi chokwanira bwino monga momwe ziyankhulo zonse ziliri. Ziyankhulo za manjazi ndi ziyankhulo zoyamba kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva komanso anthu ambiri omwe amamva (monga ana a anthu omwe makolo awo ali ndi vuto la ulumali wosamva, machidule, CODA, m’chingerezi), ndipo pa dziko lonse lapansi pali mazanamazana a ziyankhulo za manja. Mzaka zangopitazi, ziyankhulo zambiri za manja zavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiriri. Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala (CRPD) ndi woyamba padziko lonse kuvomereza ziyankhulo za manja kukhala zofanana ndi ziyankhulo zogwiritsa ntchito mawu.

Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala umatsindika kufunika kwa mgwirizano wa pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Bungwe a anthu a Ulumali Wosamva M’malawi (machidule, MANAD muchingelezi) ndi Bungwe la Anthu okhala ndi Ulumali Wosamva ku Finland (Finnish Association of the Deaf, muchingelezi) akhala akugwirira ntchito limodzi kwa zaka zosachepera khumi. Mgwirizano umenewu wakhala ukukhudza ntchito yopereka upangiri, kudziwitsa anthu zokhudza ulumali wosamva, ndi ntchito ya MANAD yolimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva m’mdziko muno ndi kunja, mwa zina. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2017, chidwi cha mgwirizanowu chakhala chiri pa ntchito ya chiyankhulo cha manja komanso kafukufuku ndi kulemba zinthu zokhudza Chiyankhulo Cha manja cha kuMalawi, ndipo chotsatira chake ndi mtanthauziramawuyu, chomwe chili chipangizo choyamba cha mtundu umenewu m’Malawi muno.

M’mbuyomu, anthu ena alunga kuno ku Malawi anayesa kukonza mtanthauziramawu wina popanda kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva pa nthawi yomwe amachita kafukufuku ndi kutsimikizira zomwe kafukufukuyo anapeza. Kumapeto a zonse, ntchitoyi siyinakwanitse zolinga zake. Pofuna kukweza moona ntima ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva, ntchitoyi imafunika idzitsogoleredwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ulumaliwu ndipo idzikhala yokhazikika ku madera. Imayenera isawasiye kunja anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva – mogwirizana ndi kaganizidwe koti “Palibe cha ife, popanda ife!” Iri lakhala liri ganizo lotsogolera pokonza mtanthauziramawuyu. Potsatira njira zovomerezeka pa umunthu zochitira kafukufuku, njira yakafukufuku yomwe tagwiritsa ntchito yapititsa patsogolo kudziwika kwa chiyankhulo cha manjachi, ndi upangiri komanso luso la anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva M’malawi, yomwe ndi njira imodzi yowapatsira mphamvu zotengera nawo mbali pa zochitika.

Mtanthauzirayu ali ndi ntchito zambiri. Choyambilira kwambiri, atha kutengedwa ngati chizindikiro choti Malawi ali ndi Chiyankhulo cha manja komanso anthu ogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulochi. Mtanthauzirayu akhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chidziwitso chomwe chinapezeka kale pogwiritsa ntchito nzeru za sayansi pofuna kugwira ntchito yopitiriza kafukufuku wa chiyankhulochi. Kafukufuku wa chiyankhulo ndi ofunikanso pofuna kukonza zipangizo zophunzirira mu gawo la maphunziro Omasulira chiyankhulo chosagwiritsa mawu akhoza kuphunzitsidwa bwino ngati pali chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza momwe chiyankhulochi chiliri. Mtanthauziramawuyu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chipangizo chophunzitsira kwa anthu osiyanasiyana monga makolo a ana omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva kapena anthu omwe akuphunzira ntchito yomasulira, ndi ena ofuna kuphunzira chiyankhulochi.

Kafukufuku yemwe anachitidwa ndi bungwe la MANAD anapeza kuti anthu omwe alibe ulumali wosamva m’Malawi sadziwa zambiri zokhudza chiyankhulo cha manjachi, komanso kuti chiyankhulochi chimatengedwa ngati chosafunikira kwenikweni m’dziko lino. Ndi bukhu loyambilira la mtanthauziramawu wa chiyankhulo cha manja cha chiMalawili, MANAD ndi yolora kulimbikitsa mtundu wa Malawi pa zakufunikira kovomereza nfundo yoti kusiyana kwa zinthu sivuto kuti mtsogolomu anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva azithanso kugawana kuthekera kwawo pokweza magulu omwe amapezekako.

Boma la Malawi laonetsa chidwi chambiri chokhudza ufulu wa chiyankhulo wa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva. Masiku ano, nkhani zowulutsidwa pa kanema wa Malawi Broadcasting Corporation zimaonetsanso munthu akuzimasulira pogwiritsa chiyankhulo cha manja, komanso ma unduna aboma osiyanasiyana akutenga gawo mu zilinganizo zosiyanasiyana zofuna kudziwitsa anthu za chiyankhulochi. Ngakhale zili chonchi, Maboma a Malawi mu zaka zangopitazi akhala akudzudzulidwa ndi komiti ya Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala, makamaka, chifukwa cholephera kukwaniritsa ntchito zokhudza ufulu wa anthu olumala, ndi kulondoloza njira zothandizira kukwaniritsa ufuluwu. Izi zikukhudzanso anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva, omwe akusalidwabe kwambiri ndiponso akusowa njira zokwanira ndi zofanana ndi za anthu a lunga zopezera thandizo losiyanasiyana, ntchito, and maphunziro m’Malawi.

Maganizo olakwikwa pakati pa anthu ambiri

Chiyankhulo cha manja nchokhazikika pakulumikizana kwa zomwe maso amaona ndi zopangidwa ndi ziwalo zimene zimapangitsa kuti uthenga ulandiridwe kudzera mu zomwe maso awona, ndi zopangidwa ndi manja, thupi, zochitika pa nkhope, ndi mutu. Pakati pa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulochinso pakadali kusamvetsetsa komanso uthenga olakwika okhudza momwe chiyankhulochi chilira. Maganizo olakwika ndi kusamvesetsa pa nkhanizi muno m’Malawi zikutsutsidwa mu bukhu lino (Onaninso mu Johnston & Schembri 2007; FAD & WFD 2015)

• Chiyankhulo cha manja sichikhudza kupereka zizindikiro pogwiritsa ziwalo za thupi kokha komanso sichisudzo chopangidwa opanda kugwiritsa mawu. Zoonadi zake nzakuti, monga momwe chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu chimakhalira, chiyankhulochi chiri ndi mawu ndi malamulo. Monga momwe magawo a liwu amakhalira mchiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu, chizindikiro chimodzi chikhoza kuzukutidwa ndi kugawidwa mu magawo monga zizindikiro zosiyana siyana zopangidwa pogwiritsa manja, kusuntha, ndi malo omwe nkhani ikukambidwira. Kumbali ina, masiku ano asayansi akuvomereza mosavuta kuti ndikoloredwa kuwonetsa maganizo, momwe muthu ukumvera muntima, komanso zochitika, kudzera mu zizindikiro zopangidwa ndi ziwalo za thupi, kapena zinthu zina zofananirapo ndi zizindikirozi monga kutsatizira momwe thupi kapena nkhope zimagwiritsidwira ntchito popereka uthenga komanso mau otsanziridwa opanda tanthauzo loyima palokha, ndi mbali imodzi ya chiyankhulo ndipo kumbali yayikulu ndi kulumikizana kumene (Perniss et al.2010).
• Chiyankhulo cha manja sichimodzi pa dziko lonse. Malinga ndi zomwe anapeza a bungwe la WFD (2016), pali ziyankhulo za manja zopitilira 200 zomwe zomwe zimapezeka muzolembera zosiyanasiyana pa dziko lonse. Komanso, pali ziyankhulo zina zomwe sizipezeka muzolembera ziri zonse. Ziyankhulo za manja zimasiyana mawu amene zimagwiritsa ntchito komanso malamulo ake. Kumbali ina, zizindikiro zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndi poona, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kuyendetsa mikono ndi thupi zimalora kutsanzira kwakukulu komwe kumamutheketsa munthu kudziwitsa ena zomwe akuganiza. Pali kufanana kwakukulu pakati pa ziyankhulo za manja kuposa zogwiritsa ntchito mawu.
• Chiyankhulo cha manja sichimayimilira zochitika mu chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu olankhula. Nkhani ndi yakuti, olankhula pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja salankhula pogwiritsa ntchito chilembo chiri chonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa polemba mawuwo kuti muthu awawerenge. Mu chiyankhulo cha manja, kasanjidwe ka mawu kamakhala kosiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, anthu amene amalankhula chingerezi cha ku Amereka kapena ku Britain amamvetsetsana koma anthu omwe amalankhula chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Amereka samanvana mokwanira bwino ndi anthu omwe amalankhula chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Britain. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti, zizindikiro zina za mu chiyankhulo cha manja sizingatanthauziridwe mwachindunji mu chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Chizindikiro cha kuMalawi cha liwu loti YENDA – chomwe chimapangidwa poyendetsa zala za mkombaphala m’manja onse awiri moyerekeza mapazi akamayenda (onani tsamba 219) – chiri ndi matanthauzo osachepera atatu malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika pa nthawiyo, ‘kuyenda’, ‘muli bwanji?’ (ukuyenda bwino) ndi ‘nkhuku yachikuda’ (nkuku yoyenda). Zitsanzo ziwirizi zikuonetsa momwe ziyankhulo za manja ziliri zoima pazokha kwa ziyankhulo zogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Ngakale izi ziri chonchi, poti ziyankhulo za manja zimagwiritsidwa malo ofanana ndi ziyankhulo zogwiritsa ntchito mau, palinso kagwiridwe ntchito ka chiyankhulo cha manja komwe kamaoneka kuti kanachokera ku chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Chitsanzo ndi kapindidwe ndi kayendetsedwe kazala polemba zizindikiro.
• Ziyankhulo za manja sizinachite kupangidwa ndi anthu. Ziyankhulo za manja zinayamba mwachilengedwe pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva. Kupezeka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kosiyana ka zizindikiro zina mu chiyankhulo cha manja zikutanthauza kuti chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Malawi chakhala chikupangidwa popita komanso kusintha nthawi. Monga ana omwe amamva chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu, ana omwe ali ndi umali osamva akhonza kuphunzira chiyankhulo cha manja.
• Ziyankhulo zosagwiritsa ntchito sizoperewera kanthu. Ziyankhulozi zimakhala ndi kuthekera kokwanira konena zinthu ngati kwa chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu chinthu chiri chonse choganizidwa kapena maganizo okhudza zinthu zosakhudzika monga ganizo la science loti chinthu chomodzi chikhonza kupezeka malo awiri nthawi imodzi, zikhoza kunenedwa mu chiyankhulo cha manja. Kumbali inayi, ziyankhulo zogwiritsa ntchito mawu zimakhala ndi kuthekera kosiyana ndi kwa zogwiritsa ntchito mawu pa kaperekedwe ka matanthauzo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana popanga ndi kulandira uthenga. Mwachitsanzo, chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu chimakhala cha chindunji pa nkhani yotsanzira kamvekedwe ka maphokoso a padziko la pansi. Ndipo chiyankhulo cha manja chimatsanzira mwachindunji momwe anthu amachitira zinthu ndipo chiri ndi kuthekera kowonetsa bwino mapindikidwe ndi makulidwe a zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
• Sipakusoweka kusintha chiyankhulo cha manja kuti chidzifanana ndi chiyankhulo chogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Wina asayesere kupanga chiyankhulo cha manja kukhala chofanana ndi chogwiritsa mawu. M’malo mwake, mwa icho chokha, chiyankhulo cha manja chilemekezedwe monga chimodzi cha ziyankhulo zachilengedwe.

Palinso maganizo olakwika okhudza ulumali wosamva, kapena ulumali okhudza kusamva. Nzotheka kuti maganizo osokonekerawa akungoyimira kusamvesetsa komwe kulipo kokhudza ulamuli: Nazi zitsanzo zingapo:

• Anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva sigulu la anthu la palokha. Anthu okhala ndi ulumaliwu alipo opitilira 70 million pa dziko lonse lapansi ndipo mwa iwo opitilira 80% amakhala m’mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. (WFD 2016) Monga anthu ena onse, anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva amadziwika ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga: chikhalidwe, chiyankhulo, zaka, zokonda, unzika, chibale, ntchito, chipembedzo ndi zina zotero. Kumbali ina, anthu okhala ndi ulumaliwu pa dziko lonse ali ndi zodutsamo zofanana zokhudza chiyankhulo cha manja, ndi kusamva, zabwino ndi zoipa zomwe, malinga ndi m’mene ulumali wa kumva umamvetsetsedwera ndi magulu a anthu. Chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala ndi ulumali wosamva ndichosiyanasiyana kwambiri kuposa ganizo lomwe liwu loti kusamva limapereka palokha.
• Anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva siwopepuka. Kuti akhale ndi mwayi ofanana m’moyo, anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva amafunika chiyankhulo kuyambira pamene ali ana, komanso maphunziro, njira zopezera zinthu, ndi chikondi. Kwa anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva, mwayi ogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa nkhani yothetsa zinthu zomwe zimawalepheretsa kulumikizana ndi anthu ena, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akutenga nawo mbali muzochitika m’dziko monga wina aliyense. Njira zonvetsetsera ulumali osiyanasiyana zimapereka ganizo loti, ulumali siwukhalapo chifukwa cha zinthu zina zake zokhudza munthuyo mmene aliri kapena zinthu zina zake zogwirika zomulepheretsa munthuyo kuchita zithu, koma zinthu zonse zochitika kumene anthu amakhala.
• Ulimali osalankhula ulibe zithu zina zake zachilengedwe zomwe zimayenera kuti zichitidwe kuti uthetsedwe. Zikhulupiliro za m’madera ena zimanena kuti kugonana ndi munthu wokhala ndi ulumali wosamva kungathe kupha kachilombo ka HIV.
• Chipembedzo sichingachize ulumali osamva. M’magulu osiyanasiyana a zipembedzo, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva akhala akukumana ndi zinthu zomwe ndi zofanana monga kudalitsidwa, kuchititsidwa manyazi, ndi kukakamizidwa ndi ansembe ndi atsogoleri ena azipembedzo. Machiritso odzera muchikhulupiliro sangachize ulumali wosamva.

Bungwe la Anthu Omwe ali ndi Ulumali Osamva m’Malawi (MANAD, m’chingerezi)

Bungwe la Anthu Omwe ali ndi Ulumali Osamva m’Malawi (MANAD, m’chingerezi) ndi bungwe lotsogoleredwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva komanso ndi chiwalo cha bungwe la Mabungwe a Anthu Omwe ali ndi Ulumali Osamva pa Dziko Lonse (World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), mwachidule mu Chingerezi) . Bungweli linakhazikitsidwa m’chaka cha 1992 ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva ndi ufulu wa chiyankhulo m’Malawi. Kulimbikitsa ufulu wa chiyankhulo cha anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva ndi gawo lomwe limapatsidwa chidwi chachikulu ndi bungwe la MANAD. Kutukula ntchito yokhudza chiyankhulo cha manja m’Malawi ndi kolumikizana ndi ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana za Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala (UN Convention of CRPD mu Chingerezi), omwe Malawi iri mbali imodzi. Malawi inasainira mgwirizanowu mu chaka cha 2007 ndipo inayamba kuwutsatira pa 27 August 2009. Izi zinatsimikiza chidwi cha dziko la Malawi pa nkhani yokweza umoyo wa anthu ake olumala.

Kupatula ntchito yopereka kuthekera ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito zokhudza ulumali wakumva zomwe bungweli limagwira, muzaka khumi zapitazi, MANAD yakhalanso ikuika chidwi pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zopititsa patsogolo chiyankhulo cha manja, kuphunzitsa anthu omasulira chiyankhulochi ndi ena, kugawa uthenga okhudza HIV ndi EDZI ndi SRHR pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva, kupatsa mphamvu achinyamata omwe ali ndi vutoli ndi azimayi a m’bungweli, mwa zina. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zikuluzikulu za bungwe la MANAD ndi kukhazikitsa magulu a kumadera ndi makalabu a anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva m’dziko muno. Potsatira kugwira ntchito mwakathithi ndi anthu m’madera awo ndi kuphunzitsa anthu zautsogoleri, MANAD iri ndi nthambi 29, ndi mamembala olemembedwa m’kaundula okwana 12,000, m’maboma onse a m’Malawi, kuyimira mokwanira bwino anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losamva m’dziko muno. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva akwanitsa kuthetsa kusalidwa kwawo potenga nawo mbali muzochitika zomwe zimakumanitsa m’magulu anthu olumala akumadera. Komanso, malinga ndi Ofesi ya Zachiwerengero m’Malawi (Malawi National Statistical Office), kalemebera wa Anthu ndi Nyumba wa 2008 anapeza kuti m’dziko muno muli anthu pafupifupi 377,790 omwe ali ndi mavuto okhudza kusamva (omwe samverathu ndi omwe amamva pang’ono). Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumaliwu akukhalabe okhaokha komanso samafikiridwa ndi bungwe la MANAD. Chikhazikitsidwire, MANAD yakhala ikugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ena akuluakulu akunja. Bungweli lachita nawo misonkhano yapadziko lonse, maphunziro ophunzitsa ndi wogawana chidziwitso ndi luso zapadera zokhudza anthu okhala ndi ulumali wosamva, komanso kukhala nawo mu gulu la anthu otenga nawo mbali mu ntchito Sabata Yokumbukira Anthu Omwe ali ndi Ulumali Wosamva pa Dziko Lonse komanso Tsiku Lokumbukira Ziyankhulo Za manja pa 23 September. Bungwe la Finish Association of the Deaf (FAD) lakhala bwenzi la bungwe la MANAD kwa nthawi yaitali. Mothandizidwa ndi Thumba la Chuma la Mgwirizano wa Chitukuko la Unduna Owona Za Kunja kwa Dziko la Finland, FAD yakhala mu mgwirizano ndi MANAD kuchokera mchaka cha 2009. Ndi thandizo limeneli, MANAD yakwanitsa kukhala ndi ofesi yokhazikika yoyendetsa ntchito zake, yomwe yakhala yothandiza kwambiri powonetsetsa kuti bungwe la MANAD lipitilire.

Mbiri ya Chiyankhulo Cha manja M’malawi

Mbiri ya chiyankhulo cha manja inayamba kalekale, limodzi ndi maphunziro a anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva. Sukulu yoyamba ya anthu a ulumaliwu m’Malawi inakhazikitsidwa ku Maryview m’boma la Chiradzulu mchaka cha 1968, motsatidwa ndi sukulu zina zisanu ndi imodzi za anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva. Monga ziyankhulo zina zonse za manja, chiyankhulochi kuno ku Malawi sichinapangidwe ndi munthu, koma chinakhalapo pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli ndi m’masukulu awo (onani Johnston & Schembri 2007:19). Zizindikiro zina za chiyankhulochi zimaoneka kuti zinachokera ku zinthu zina, monga ziyankhulo zina za manja, kapena zizindikiro zina zogwiritsa ntchito manja ndi mikono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa pakati pa anthu a banja limodzi pakhomo.

Ku Malawi ndi ku mayiko ena, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva amabadwa kwa makolo alunga amene sadziwa chiyankhulo cha manja ndipo amalephera kuphunzitsa ana awo zomwe iwo akudziwa zachiyankhulochi. Pofuna kulumikizana, ana omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva ndi makolo awo amadzipangira okha zizindikiro zopangidwa ndi manja ndi zina zomwe amalumikizirana pa khomo. Zotsatira zake, ana amabwera ku sukulu ndi zizindikiro zopangidwa ndi manja ndi zina. Ana amenewa, ngati akwanitsa kuyamba sukulu za anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva amaphunzira chiyankhulo cha manja atagwiritsapo kale ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja poti amakhala atakhalapo kale pa malo omwe chiyankhulo cha manja chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zake nzakuti, sukuluzi zimagwira ntchito yofunikira chifukwa choti mawu ndi malamulo achiyankhulochi amaphunzitsidwa kuchokera ku m’badwo umodzi kufikira ku wina kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa pakati pa ana asukulu okhala ndi ulumali osamva ndi aphunzitsi awo, komanso anthu ena ogwira ntchito pa sukulu. Chosangalatsa nchakuti, malipoti operekedwa ndi aMalawi omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva, akuwonetsa kuti chiyankhulo cha manja chinagwiritsidwapo kale ntchito nthawi ina yake kusanakhanzikitsidwe sukulu yoyambirira ya anthu omwe ali ndi ulumaliwu. Izi sikuzoweka kafukufuku owonjezera.

Nkhani yosakoma pa mbiri ya maphunziro a anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva ndiyakuti, ku Malawi kuno ndi ku mayiko ena padziko lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu olankhulidwa ndi pakamwa kunalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi magulu ochita maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Kudalira kugwiritsa ntchito mawu otuluka pakamwa kunadza potsatira ganizo loti ziyankhulo zogwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi za pamwamba kuposa ziyankhulo za manja, zomwe zimatanthauziridwa kuti kuphunzitsa komwe kumatsata chiyankhulo ndi momwe milomo ikuyendera nkosafunikira ndipo nthawi zina njirayi imaletseratu kugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja. Chotero, ku Malawi, ana omwe ali ndi ulumali wakumva akhala akugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo chawo mobisa komanso kumbali kwa aphunzitsi awo ngakhalenso anthu ena a mudera lawo. Izi ziri chonchi, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva anapitilira kugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja akhala akuchigwiritsa ntchito mobisa ndipo chiyankhulochi chakhala chikukula m’magulu a anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli komanso m’sukulu zawo.

Monga ziyankhulo zonse za padziko lapansi, chiyankhulo cha manja cha kuno ku Malawi sichili chokhachokha kapena chosasintha; ndi chiyankhulo chamoyo ndithu. Gulu lomwe linachita kafukufuku wa mtanthauziramawuyu linapeza kuti pali zizindikiro zina zongopezeka mu chiyankhulo cha manja cha kuno ku Malawi chokha. Kusiyana kwa zizindikiroku, mbali ina, kulipo chifukwa chakuti ana omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva amaphunzira zizindikirozi mu sukulu zosiyanasiyana ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimapangidwa pakati pawo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ku chigawo chakumpoto amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zochokera ku sukulu ya Embangweni ya anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva. Zizindikiro zina zikhoza kukhala zochokera pa chigawo komanso kusiyana kwa zaka za anthu olankhulawo. Ngakhale ziri chonchi, kuno Malawi zizindikiro sizisiyana kwenikweni moti pamakhala kumvetsetsana pakati pa anthu ochokera m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana za dzikoli. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti, kuno ku Malawi, kuli chiyankhulo chimodzi chosagwiritsa ntchito mawu.

Kuonjezera apo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziwalo 29 za bungwe la MANAD m’dziko lonse la Malawi chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu chitukuko cha chiyankhulochi. Anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva anayamba kukumana wina ndi mzake pafupipafupi mzigawo zonse za m’dziko lino pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana; zina zofuna dongosolo lambiri zina lochepa. Zizindikiro zimaphunzitsidwa, kubwerekedwa komanso zimabadwa.

Ndizachidziwikire kuti chiyankhulo cha manja cha kuno ku Malawi muli zizindikiro zambiri zongobwerekera zomwe zinachokera ku chiyankhulo cha ku Amereka. Pali kafotokozedwe kosiyanasiyana kokhudza momwe chiyankhulo cha ku Amereka chinakhalira mbali imodzi ya chiyankhulo cha ku Malawi. Malingana ndi zomwe ananena anthu ena omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva, zizindikiro zambiri za chiyankhulo cha ku Amereka zinabwera ku sukulu ya Maryview itatsekulidwa kudzera mwa mphunzitsi amene anapita ku Gallaudet, sukulu yoyamba ya ukachenjede ya anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva padziko lonse. Mpingo wa ku Amereka wa Mboni za Yehova wakhalanso ugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Amereka mu ntchito zomwe umagwira ndi anthu a ku Malawi kuno omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva.

Kuonjezera pamenepo, zizindikiro zakhala zikubwerekedwa kuchoka ku mayiko ena muno mu Africa pomwe ziwalo zina za MANAD ndi otanthauzira chiyankhulo cha manja anayamba kupita m’maiko ena ndi kukumana ndi anthu ochokera m’mayikowo. Lero lino, zizindikiro za ku Malawi zikuchuluka chifukwa cha kukula kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chiyankhulochi muno m’Malawi.

Pakadali pano, chiyankhulo cha manja chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri m’Malawi. Anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva akugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulochi bwinobwino mu sukulu komanso m’makalabu m’dziko lonse. Poti makolo ambiri omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva ali ndi ana alunga, chiwerengero cha Ana Obadwa kwa Makolo Omwe ali ndi Ulumali Osamva (mwachidule, CODAs, mu Chingezezi) odziwa ziyankhulo ziwiri; cha manja ndi chogwiritsa ntchito mawu koma chiyankhulo chawo choyamba chiri cha manja. Chidwi pa chiyankhulo cha manja cha chiMalawi nachonso chikunka chikwera pakati pa anthu alunga ofuna kuphunzira chiyankhulochi. Bungwe la MANAD ndi mabungwe ena amachititsa maphunziro a chilankhulo cha manja m’maboma osiyanasiyana. Nzachidziwikire kuti kukwera kwa chidwiku nchotsatira cha kuptiriza kudziwika kwa bungwe la MANAD ndi kalikiliki wake pa ntchito zake, komanso chifukwa cha ntchito zomwe bungweli limagwira mogwirizano ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a m’dziko muno ndi a kunja. Nzosakayikitsa kuti, kuyambira tsopano, kusindikizidwa kwa Mtanthauziramawu wa Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawi woyambayu athandiza kwambiri nchito yotukula chiyankhulochi ndi kuchipanga kukhala cholemelera m’Malawi muno.

Tisayiwalenso Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawi chimatchulidwa mu Gawo 8f la Lamulo la za Ulumali la dziko la Malawi lokhazikitsidwa mu 2012. “Kukonza chiyankhulo cha manja cha chiMalawi monga chiyankhulo cha ziko lonse cha iwo amene ali ndi ulumali okhudza kumva ndi kuchitenga kuti ndi chilankhulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito movomerezedwa ndi boma”. Izi ziri chonchi, panthawi imene izi zikulembedwa mu mtanthauziramawuyu pakunika kulembanso bwino zomwe malamulo ndi ndondomeko za boma zosiyansiyana zimanena zokhudza Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawi. Machitsanzo mawu oti ‘kukonza’ amapereka ganizo lakuti ntchito yovomereza chiyankhulo cha manja cha chiMalawi siyinafike kumathero. Chiyemekezo nchakuti, Mtanthauzira wa Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawi alimbikitsa Boma la Malawi kuvomereza ndi kulimbikitsa Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawichi m’malamulo ndi muzochitika.

Ntchito ya mtanthauziramawu wa chiyankhulo cha manja ku Malawi

Kuyambira m’chaka cha 2017, chidwi cha mgwirizano wapakati pa mabungwe a MANAD ndi FAD chinakhazikika pa ntchito yokonza mtanthauziramawu a chiyankhulo cha manja ndi ya kafukufuku ndi kulemba zinthu zokhudza chiyankhulochi m’Malawi muno. Kwa zaka zosachepera makumi atatu, Bungwe la FAD lagwira ntchito zachitukuko ndi mabungwe a anthu okhala ndi ulumali osamva ndi anthu okhala ndi ulumaliwu m’madera omwe amakhala m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chidwi cha ntchito imeneyi chakhala kwambiri pakakonzedwe ndi kayang’aniridwe ka ntchito, ntchito yolimbikitsa ufulu, maphunziro okhudza chiyankhulo, kafukufuku wachiyankhulo kudzera mu kulemba chiyankhulo cha manja ndi kufotokoza m’mene chiliri, komanso kuphunzitsa anthu omasulira chiyankhulochi. (FAD & WFD 2015). Maphunziro amene anaphunziridwa pa mgwirizano umenewu, makamaka ndi mabungwe a Albanian Deaf Association ndi Kosovar Deaf Association kuyambira m’chaka cha 2006 akupezeka mu bukhu lotchedwa Working Together- Manual for sign Language work within Development Work (FAD & WFD 2015). Kutsatira akalozera okhazikitsidwa ndi Bungwe la Mabungwe a Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Ulumali Wosamva pa Dziko Lonse (Federation of the Deaf), komanso motsatira Mgwirizano wa Mayiko pa Dziko Lonse Okhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Olumala, bukhu limeneli limatsata ndondomeko zokhala ndi umunthu ndiponso zitsanzo za kagwiridwe ntchito yokhazikitsa chiyankhulo cha manja pogwiritsa ntchito njira zokhalitsa. Machitidwe apamwamba m’mayiko a Albania ndi Kosovo kudzanso machitidwe ndi nfundo zotsogolera zomwe ziri mu bukhuli zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ndi kulinganiza ntchito ya ku Malawi kuno koma moganizira anthu a ku Malawi, makamaka zomwe amakumana nazo mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

Ku Malawi, ntchito yokonza mtanthauziramawuyu inatsatira ndondomeko iyi: kulemba ntchito anthu othandizira pa kafukufuku was SLW, Gulu logwira ntchito yokhudza chiyankhulochi (SLWG), kuphunzitsa ntchito anthu othandizira pa kafukufuku wa SLW, kulemba mtanthauziramawu, kuwonesetsa kuti zizindikiro zolembedwazo ndi zoyenera ndi kukonza maonekedwe a mtanthauziramawuyu. Kuchokera pachiyambi, ntchitoyi inagwiridwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali wakumva eni ku Malawi ndi thandizo lochokera kwa mlangizi wochokera m’dziko la Finland pa nkhani za chiyankhulo cha anthu amene ali ndi ulumali osamva.

Ntchito yopeza anthu ogwira ntchitoyi inali m’magawo atatu. Pachiyambi, ofesi yoyendetsa ntchito za MANAD, pamodzi ndi ndi mlangizi wa ku Finland, inayendera ziwalo 18 za bungweli ndi kupereka uthenga okhudza mwayi wa ntchito wa othandizira kuchita kafukufuku umene umabwera. Anthu omwe afunsira ntchitoyi analipo 125. Chachiwiri, mayeso a ntchito anachitika ku Blantyre, ku Lilongwe ndi ku Mzuzu monga mwachikonzero motsogozedwa ndi nthumwi za ofesi yoyendetsa ntchito za MANAD ndi akuluakulu oyang’anira bungweli, ndipo chidwi chachikulu chinapita kukuonetsetsa kuti anthuwa amadziwadi kugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja komanso ku kuyenera kwawo pa ntchitoyi. Pamapeto pa zonse, anthu oyenera anasankhidwa malinga ndi m’mene anakhonzera mayeso ofunsilira ntchitowo.

Cholinga cha mayesowa chinali kupeza anthu atatu odziwa bwino chiyankhulo cha manja oti agwire ntchito yokhazikika ku SLWRA ndi ena okwana 15 monga ziwalo za SLWG mzigawo zonse za dziko la Malawi. Ntchito yaikulu ya SLWRA inali kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ya Mtanthauziramawuyu ndiyolongosoka, pomwe ntchito ya SLWG inali kuthandizira ma SLWRA ndi kuimira kalankhulidwe kosiyanasiyana kwa chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Malawi mu ntchito ndi misonkhano ya SLWRA yomwe inachitika kangapo pa chaka. Koyambilira kwa ntchitoyi, ma SLWRA analandira maphunziro pa kagwiridwe ntchito kosiyanasiyana ndi matchitidwe abwino okhudza ntchito yotantanthauzira mawu yomwe motsogozedwa ndi mlangizi wa chiyankhulo, zomwe anagawana ndi ma SLWG.

Kutolera uthenga kunachitika ndi ma SLWRA kuyambira pa 9 kulekeza pa 21 December mchaka cha 2018. Pofuna kutolera uthenga ofunikira okhudza chiyakhulochi, ndi kuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito a Chiyankhulo Cha manja cha ku Malawi, uthengawu, makamaka okhudza kalankhulidwe kosagwiritsa ntchito mawu, unatoleledwa kuchoka kwa anthu 54 omwe ali ndi ulumaliwu kudzera muzokambirana ndi njira yofunsa ndi kuyankha mafunso, zomwe zinajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera yotola zithunzi zoyenda mu maboma 19 a mdziko lino. Kafukufuyu anachitika mu zigawo zonse zitatu za Malawi, makamaka m’maboma a Chitipa, Karonga, Nkhatabay, Rumphi, Mzuzu, Mzimba, mu Chigawo cha Kumpoto; Dowa, Mchinji, Lilongwe, Salima, Nkhotakota and Dedza, mu Chigawo Chapakati, ndi Mulanje, Nsanje, Machinga, Phalombe, Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Thyolo mu Chigawo cha ku M’mwera.

Anthu omwe anasankhidwa kuti atenge nawo mbali mu ntchitoyi anali a Malawi omwe ali ndi ulumali wosamva koma amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo cha manja. Kuonjezera apo, pofuna kufotokoza bwino za kusiyanasiyana kwa chiyankhulo cha manja cha ku Malawi, ntchitoyi inawonetsetsanso kuti pakhale kufananitsa pakati pa anthu a magulu a zaka zosiyanasiyana komanso ndi kutinso pasakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Mfundo zimenezi ziri apo, kafukufukuyu kuti atheke, adagwiritsa ntchito anthu azaka zosachepera 18. Ndondomeko zofunikira zowonesetsera kuti anthu akutenga nawo gawo mukafukufuku mosakakamizidwa zinatsatidwa mu ntchito yonseyi. Mafunso onse anafotokozedwa bwino lomwe maso ndi maso kwa otenga mbali mukafukufukuyu kuti amvetsetse kuti anayenera kutenga nawo mbali mongodzipereka.

Pa nthawi yeniyeni ya mafunso, otenga nawo mbali aliyense anali ndi zokambirana za maso ndi maso ndi m’modzi mwa ma SLWRA. Kukambiranaku kunakhazikika pa kumudziwa bwino wotenga mbali, makamaka mbiri yake, ubwana wake, moyo wake wokhudza maphunziro, wa kunyumba, wa kuntchito, zokonda zake, zomwe amachita akakhala kuti akupuma monga masewero, zakudya zomwe amakonda, ndi moyo wa kumudzi.

Pamapeto pa zonse, zokambirana zomwe zinajambulidwazi zinazukutidwa ndi kulembedwa mu zizindikiro zofanana ndi uthenga okhudza chiyankhulo ndi matanthauzo, mapindidwe a nkono, kusuntha, kukamba za malo ndi zinthu zina. Zizindikirozi zinatsimikizidwa ndi SLWG mu misonkhano iwiri kapena itatau ya pachaka pakati pa SLWG ndi ma SLWGRA. Izi zikutsimikiza kuti zizindikiro zomwe zinalembedwa ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kosiyanasiyana ndi zodziwika bwino komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi ulumali osamva muno m’Malawi.

Pofuna kupanga zipangizo zoyenera za mtanthauziramawuyu, zizindikiro zotsimikizidwazi zinakonzedwanso ndi kujambulidwa ndi ma SLWRA mu malo okonzedwera ntchito yojambula zinthu. Pokonza zithunzi, mivi yowonetsa mayendedwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsa momwe zizindikirozi zimapangidwira poyendetsa ziwalo zathupi. Kuonjezera pamenepo, ziganizo za chitsanzo zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikirozi zinajambulidwa ndi kamera yotola zithunzi zoyenda pofuna kupereka zitsanzo za momwe zizindikirozi zimapangidwira mu ziganizo.

Potsiriza, zizindikiro za mu Mtanthauziramawuyu zinaikidwa m’magulu motsatira kufanana kwa matanthauzo awo potengeranso kufunikira kwawo kwa ophunzira. Ntchito yokonza m’mene atadzaonekere mtanthauziramawuyu akadzatha inagwiridwa ndi akatswiri a zaluso lopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito makina a kompyuta wochokera ku Finland.

Mtanthauziramawu wa Chiyankhulo cha Manja oyambayu ali ndi nsonga zotsogolera zokwana 16, zizindikiro 486, ndi makanema 107. Mndandanda wa nsonga zotsogolerazi ziri motere:

1. Malankhulidwe
2. Banja
3. Zomwe munthu akumva muntima zinthu zikamachitika
4. Nthawi
5. Maphunziro
6. Ntchito
7. Chipembedzo
8. Thanzi

9. Mitundu ya zinthu
10. Nyama
11. Zamasewero
12. Mayendedwe
13. Nyengo ndi Chilengedwe
14. Zakudya ndi Zakumwa
15. Malo
16. Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa tsiku nditsiku ndi anthu ambiri

Ntchito yokonza Mtanthauziramawu za Chiyankhulo cha Manjayu yalondolozedwa bwino lomwe ndi komiti ya dziko la Malawi yotchedwa National Committee on Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and Humanities (NCRSH) yomwe imawonesetsa kuti kafukufuku ndi ntchito zina zonga iyi zikugwiridwa motsatira ndondomeko zonse zoyenera pa ntchitoyo ndi pa umunthu. Ndondomeko imene inalembedwa kuti itsogolere kafukufuku ndi malipoti a momwe ntchito imayendera zinaperekedwa ku bungwe la NCRSH lomwe lapereka chilorezo choti ntchitoyi ipitilire m’mene inakonzedwera. Kalondolondo wa NCRSH wavomereza kuti zofunikira zonse pa ntchitoyi ndi katoleredwe ka mauthenga zatsatira malamulo a dziko la Malawi. NCRSH inapereka chilorezo chomwe chizindikiro chake ndi P.06/18/283 kuti kafukudfuku achitike.

Poti tsono, patapita zaka zitatu zogwira ntchito molimbika mtanthauziramawu woyamba wa Chiyankhulo cha Manja cha chiMalawi wapezeka, tikuyenera kudziwa kuti ntchitoyi siyinathe Angakhale uthenga wankhaninkhani okhudza mthanthauziramawuyu omwe unatoleredwa sunathe kuunguzidwa ndi kulembedwa mu zizindikiro zoyenera mokwanira bwino. Bungwe la MANAD ndi onse amene amatenga nawo mbali mu ntchito zake akuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyi ikupitilira, ndi kuti pakupezeka zipangizo zokwanira zotheketsera ntchitoyi.